scholarly http://ir.library.ui.edu.ng/handle/123456789/514 2026-04-08T18:47:07Z 2026-04-08T18:47:07Z BAKAREY, A. S. http://ir.library.ui.edu.ng/handle/123456789/4026 2019-01-10T09:08:01Z 2014-11-01T00:00:00Z

Title: INCIDENCE OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION IN A SEMI-URBAN COMMUNITY OF SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA Authors: BAKAREY, A. S. Abstract: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is an important cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Its epidemiology has been well described in developed countries. In Nigeria, previous studies on the virus were hospital-based or point prevalence from which the burden of HCV cannot be accurately determined. A population-based prospective study was therefore designed to assess the burden of HCV infection in a semi-urban community in southwestern Nigeria. A cohort of 490 purposively recruited consenting participants in Saki, a border town in Nigeria were enrolled and followed up for nine years (2003-2012). Blood samples were collected and tested for the presence of HCV antibodies using the ELISA technique from each participant at baseline, one year, 2 years and 9th year. The participants included 299 male and 191 female members of two occupational groups, auto-mechanics (n=236) and fashion designers (n=254) with age range of 15 to 65 years (median age=26years). A structured questionnaire was administered to capture information on awareness of HCV infection as well as predisposing factors including sharing of sharp objects, transfusion of blood and blood product, polygamy and multiple sexual partnership. The cohort was continuously provided education on prevention of sexually transmitted diseases and blood borne pathogens during the follow-up period. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p=0.05. Incidence of infection was reported as number of HCV cases/1000 person years. The rate of HCV infection at baseline was 8.4%. A total of 27 new cases of infection were identified in the cohort giving an overall incidence of 27.8 per 1000 person years. Incidence of HCV increased from first to the second (9.0 Vs 24.7 per 1000 person years) year but declined thereafter (11.3 per 1000 person years). Incidence of the infection increased with age and peaked among persons 45-54 years (34.5 and 38.5 per 1000 person years). The incidence was higher among male than female (21.2 Vs 14.5 per 1000 person years). Incidence in both male and female groups increased from first to second point but declined sharply thereafter. Incidence of HCV infection was higher among auto-mechanics (31.4 per 1000 person years), a male occupational group than fashion designers (23.9 per 1000 person years), a female dominated occupational group. Similarly, HCV incidence was higher in male (49.9 per 1000 person years) than female (14.6 per 1000 person years) members of the fashion designer group (Risk Ratio = 2.7, CI=1.32-5.87). The only significant risk factor identified was sharing of sharp objects (RR=2.4, CI=1.0-5.56, χ20.05:1=4.329, p=0.04). There was a substantial burden of HCV infection in the studied community. Sharing of sharp objects is a significant predisposing factor for HCV infection among the study populations. The high burden of the infection indicates the need for urgent implementation of measures to control HCV infection in Nigeria. Description: A THESIS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF VIROLOGY SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, IBADAN NIGERIA

2014-11-01T00:00:00Z Odaibo, G. N. Forbi, J. C. Omotade, O. O. Olaleye, D. O. http://ir.library.ui.edu.ng/handle/123456789/2571 2018-10-16T11:44:26Z 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Incidence and burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in a community-based cohort o under-five years children in Nigeria. Authors: Odaibo, G. N.; Forbi, J. C.; Omotade, O. O.; Olaleye, D. O. Abstract: "Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common causes of lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) in children under 5 years. Most of the available epidemiological information on RSV infection are from developed countries where denominator based studies have been done. We hereby describe our findings in a WHO sponsored study that estimated the incidence of the RSV infection in children in urban and rural communities in Nigeria. The study was designed as a prospective, population-based cohort of under-five children in an urban (Eleta) and a rural (Ijaiye) community in Oyo State, Nigeria. Nasopharyngeal wash was collected from each child with LRI into sterile plain 5mls tubes and transported daily to the laboratory on ice. An aliquot of each specimen was tested for presence of RSV antigen using an EIA and another aliquot inoculated into Hep2 cell line for virus isolation. Data analyses were performed using the EPIINFO version 6.0. Frequencies were compared using chi-square test at 95% confidential level and incidence reported as per 1000 child years. A total of 2,015 children were enrolled for the study among which 413 episode of LRI occurred. The overall incidence of RSV associated LRI during the 2 years of follow-up was 125/1000 child years. The incidence of RSV in Ijaye was 1.6 times (CI, 0.31 – 1.2) and 1.9 times (CI, 0.9 – 3.6) higher than that of Eleta in the first year and second year respectively. The highest incidence of RSV infection occurred among the age group 3-5 months in Eleta and the age group 9-11 months in Ijaiye. No gender preponderance in the incidence of RSV was observed. This study provided for the first time, a denominator based prevalence and incidence of RSV at the community level in Nigeria. The rates of RSV among under-five children in rural and urban communities in Nigeria are high."

2013-01-01T00:00:00Z Odaibo, G. N. Okonkwo, P. Adewole, I. F. Olaleye, D. O. http://ir.library.ui.edu.ng/handle/123456789/2570 2018-10-16T11:18:13Z 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Pattern of HIV-1 drug resistance among adults on ART in Nigeria Authors: Odaibo, G. N.; Okonkwo, P.; Adewole, I. F.; Olaleye, D. O. Abstract: Background: The development of anitiretroviral drug resistance may limit the benefit of antiretroviral therapy. Therefore the need to closely monitor these mutations, especially the use of ART is increasing. This study was therefore designed to determine the ARV drug resistance pattern among ART na?ve and expose individuals attending a PEPFAR supported by antiretroviral clinic in Nigeria. Methodology: The study participants included patients attending the PEPFAR supported by University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan ART clinic who have been on HIV treatment for at least one year with consecutive viral load of over 2000 copies/ml as well some ART Na?ve individuals with high (>50,000 copies/ml) baseline viral level attending the hospital for pre-ART assessment. Blood sample was collected from each individual for CD4 enumeration, viral load level determination and DNA sequencing for genotypic typing. Antiretroviral drug resistance mutations (DRM) were determined by using the Viroseq software and drug mutations generated by using a combination of Viroseq and Stanford algorithm. DRM were classified as major or minor mutations based on the June 2013 Stanford DR database. Results: The most common major NRTI, NNRTI and PI mutation were D67N (33.3%), Y181C (16.7%) and M46L/I (55.6%) respectively. Lamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC); nevirapine (NVP) and nelfinavir (NFV) were the most common NRTI, NNRTI, and PI drugs to which the virus in the infected individuals developed resistance. Isolates from 4 patients were resistant to triple drug class, including at least one NRTI, NNRTI and a PI. Only one (4.8%) of the isolates from drug Na?ve individuals had major DRM that conferred resistance to any drug. Conclusion: Demonstration of high rates of antiretroviral DRM among patients on 1st and 2nd line ART and the presence of DRM in drug Na?ve individuals in this study show the importance of surveillance for resistance to ARV in line with the magnitude of scaling up of treatment program in the country.

2013-01-01T00:00:00Z Odaibo, G. N. Olaleye, D. O. http://ir.library.ui.edu.ng/handle/123456789/2551 2018-10-16T11:08:57Z 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Laboratory profile of HIV-1 and dual HIV-1/HIV-2 associaed acquired immunodeficiency sydrome in Nigeria Authors: Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, D. O. Abstract: " Background: HIV-2 is comparatively less pathogenic with slow progression of infection to clinical disease and consequently there is less of information on the occurrence of HIV-2 associated disease than HIV-1. We hereby describe some laboratory profiles of individuals presenting with HIV-2 and dual HIV-1/2 related AIDS at the University College hospital in Ibadan over a period of seven years. Methodology: Blood samples from patients presenting with the AIDS defining illness at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria were tested for antibodies to HIV-1/2 using rapid test devices or ELISA. Initially reactive samples were further tested by immunoblotting for differentiation into HIV-1 or HIV-2 or HIV-1/2 dual infection. Blood samples from individuals with confirmed infections were further analyzed for CD4 cell lymphocyte number, plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration, hematological and blood chemistry parameters. The data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and Levene-S test for equality of variance. Results: Thirty five patients, 18 and 17 with HIV-2 and dual HIV-1/2 infections respectively were identified during the period covered by this study (2005-2012). The median age of the patients was 48 years old (Range: 42 - 70 years old) and mean CD4 cell count of HIV-2 patients at enrollment was 324 (Range: 16 - 696) and 350 (Range 54 - 863) per microlitre of blood for patients with dual HIV-1/2 infection. HIV-1 RNA was not detected in the plasma of the 18 patients with serological HIV-2 infection but 2 (11.8%) of the 17 patients with dual HIV-1/2 serological profile had detectable HIV-1 RNA (1,287,275 copies/ml and 1,816,491 copies/ml). Conclusion: The results emphasize the need to consider HIV-2 infection in the investigation of patients presenting with the AIDS related illness but with negative HIV-1serology. The study also shows the importance of inclusion of multispot HIV-1 and 2 rapid tests for differentiating HIV-1 from HIV-2 infections in regions where both types of HIV circulate or epidemiologically indicated. "

2013-01-01T00:00:00Z